Figure 3

(a) Heart rate (HR), (b) stroke volume (SV) (c) ejection fraction (EF), and (d) (dV/dt)_max·EDV^-1 for all four groups (open square – male wt; open diamond – male ko; black diamond – female ko; black square – female wt) as a function of time. SV was normalized to the respective body weight, the time-volume curves to EDV before fitting.