Fig. 5

a Unadjusted effect of gender on MF and b effects of gender and MF (10-unit increase) on LVEF. Model 1 demonstrates unadjusted effects of gender and MF on LVEF. Model 2 demonstrates the effect of gender on LVEF when adjusted to MF. Model 3 demonstrates the Model 2 additionally adjusted for CAD risk factors (age, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, body mass index, active smoking). Natural logarithm transformation was used to improve normality and/or homoscedasticity of residuals. The effect was calculated from exponential linear regression coefficients (100 × [e ^β − 1]). LVEF was defined as left ventricular ejection fraction, and MF myocardial fibrosis (%LV Mass)