Table 1 Descriptions of left ventricular (LV) kinetic energy (KE) flow parameters used in this study
Parameter | Description |
|---|---|
KE Parameters | |
Average KE | The average KE of LV flow for the complete cardiac cycle |
Minimal KE | The minimal KE of the LV flow at any time point during the complete cardiac cycle |
Systolic KE | The average KE of the LV flow during systole |
Systolic In-plane KE % | The proportion of flow that moves ‘in-plane’ across the LV plane rather than ‘through-plane’ from the apex to the LV outflow tract |
Diastolic KE | The average KE of the LV flow during diastole |
Components of LV washout over 2 cardiac cycles (measured in %) | |
Direct flow | Blood that enters the LV during diastole and leaves the LV during systole in the analysed heartbeat |
Retained volume | Blood that enters the LV during diastole but does not leave during systole in the analysed heartbeat |
Delayed ejection flow | Blood that starts and resides inside the LV during diastole and leaves during systole |
Residual volume | Blood that resides within the LV for at least two cardiac cycles |