Table 1 4D flow acquisition parameters for large vessels and whole heart

Acquired spatial resolution

Adults whole heart

2.5 mm³ [2]

3 mm³

Accuracy

Scan time

Adults’ vessels

2 mm³

2.5 mm³

Accuracy

Scan time

Pediatric whole heart

2 mm³ [53, 79, 82]

2.5 mm³ [82, 167]

Accuracy

Scan time

Pediatric vessels

1.5 mm³

2 mm³

Accuracy

Scan time, VNR

Neonates

0.75–1 mm³ [54]

1.5 mm³

Accuracy

Scan time, VNR

Acquired temporal resolution

30 ms

50 ms (can be higher if aiming for visualization only)

Accuracy

Scan time

Velocity encoding limit (VENC)

Maximum expected velocity

10% higher than maximum expected velocity, do not exceed 25%

VNR, to avoid aliasing

Scan time, VNR

ECG gating

Retrospective

Complete ECG cycle included

Reconstruction

Respiratory navigation

Optional

Accuracy

Scan time

Contrast agent

Consider in neonates, dissection patients or other challenging cases

Improved contrast

Contrast administration contraindications

Flip angle

7° non-contrast

12–25° with contrast

25°

SNR

Contrast vs SNR