Fig. 3

Left ventricular hemodynamic forces over single cardiac cycle. In the apex-base direction, responders typically had a negative impulse at the beginning of systole (1), which is not seen as prominently in non-responders or controls. A subgroup of responders (n = 6) had a pattern with larger force amplitudes in diastole, with an early negative impulse and a late positive impulse (2 and 3). In the lateral wall-septum direction responders and non-responders had force patterns with a larger positive impulse in early diastole compared to controls (4 and 5). In the inferior-anterior direction, responders typically had larger amplitudes throughout the cardiac cycle compared to non-responders and controls