Fig. 3

Prospective studies. A total of 95 subjects were prospectively recruited to evaluate our proposed technique. In the first study, CMR imaging was performed exclusively at rest in 27 patients and 19 healthy subjects. Patients were selected from those undergoing clinical CMR and willing to undergo an additional 5–10 min of scanning. Real-time tagging images were collected in all subjects. To serve as comparison, ECG-gated tagging images were also collected in all patients and a subset of healthy subjects (14 of 19). To assess repeatability, an extra set of real-time tagging images was collected in a subset of patients (6 of 27) and all healthy subjects. In the Ex-CMR study, real-time tagging images were collected in all subjects before and after supine bike exercise. ECG electrocardiogram, Ex-CMR exercise cardiac magnetic resonance