Fig. 2

Performance of the dual-stage network in the multi-frequency testing dataset. A The mean intensities of the original cine, AS sub-network output, and AS sub-network label in the end-diastolic heart. Consistent with the labels, the AS output showed considerably smaller variations and relatively constant mean signals across the 12 frequency offsets. B The mean values of VI sub-network output was consistent with the mean values of the VI sub-network label in the end-diastolic heart. Furthermore, the VI outputs had an anti-correlated variation relative to the mean intensity of the original cine images, suggesting a good classification of the artifact categories by the VI sub-network. C Two representative examples with a frequency offset of − 110 Hz and 165 Hz, respectively. ROIs were circled in yellow. AS, artifact suppression; VI, voxel identification