Table 1 Evolution of tagging pulse sequences
Technique | Inventor (Ref#) | Year | Advantages | Disadvantages |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Magnetization Saturation | Zerhouni (20) | 1988 | Simple idea; first tagging technique. | Low resolution; long scan time; high SAR. |
SPAMM | Axel (21) | 1989 | Low SAR; available for clinical applications. | Moderate resolution; 2-D only; tag fading. |
Cine SPAMM | McVeigh (46) | 1992 | Cine capability. | Multiple breath-holds. |
Localized SPAMM | Chandra (49) Ikonomidou (51) | 1996 2002 | Tagging confined to region of interest. | Complicated tag preparation. |
Variable-density SPAMM | McVeigh (50) Ikonomidou (52) | 1998 2003 | Sensitive motion estimation. | Long tag preparation time. |
Radial tagging | Bolster (54) Bosmans (55) | 1990 1990 | Suitable for measuring radial strain & heart rotation. | Low resolution for measuring circumferential strain. |
Ring tagging | Spiegel (28) | 2003 | Suitable for measuring circumferential strain. | Low resolution for measuring radial strain. |
DANTE | Mosher (22) | 1990 | High-density pattern of thin tags. | Long tag preparation time. |
CSPAMM | Fischer (23) | 1993 | Improved tagging contrast; no tag fading. | Double scan time as SPAMM. |
Slice-following (sf) CSPAMM | Fischer (69) | 1994 | Tracks tissue through-plane motion. | Lower SNR than CSPAMM. |
Single breath-hold sf CSPAMM | Stuber (77) | 1999 | Fast data acquisition; high temporal resolution. | EPI may cause motion artifacts. |
HARP | Osman (24) | 1999 | Fast tag analysis. | Phase errors; low SNR. |
Real-time HARP | Sampath (163) | 2003 | High temporal resolution. | Complicated setup. |
3D-HARP | Pan (166) | 2005 | 3D strain analysis. | Long tag analysis time. |
zHARP | Abd-Elmoniem (167) | 2005 | 3D tissue tracking; short scan time. | Complicated data analysis. |
fastHARP | Abd-Elmoniem (164) | 2007 | Short data acquisition time; 25 frames/s. | Complicated setup. |
DENSE | Aletras (25) | 1999 | High spatial resolution; black-blood | Low SNR. |
fast-DENSE | Aletras (187) | 1999 | Single breath-hold. | EPI artifacts. |
meta-DENSE | Aletras (181) | 2001 | higher SNR. | Longer acquisition time. |
DENSE with CANSEL | Epstein (184) | 2004 | higher SNR; less artifacts. | Long scan time. |
SENC | Osman (26) | 2001 | High resolution; simple processing; intuitive view. | Low SNR. |
sf-SENC | Fahmy (208) | 2006 | Through-plane tracking. | Low SNR. |
fast-SENC | Pan (209) | 2006 | Real-time imaging. | Low resolution. |
sf-fast-SENC | Ibrahim (210) | 2007 | Real-time imaging with tissue tracking. | Low resolution & SNR. |
C-SENC | Ibrahim (211) | 2008 | Both strain & viability information in one scan. | No cine capability. |