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Table 1 Findings for 12/31 patients where echocardiography underestimated the severity of pulmonary vein restenosis compared with CMR.

From: Assessment of pulmonary veins after atrio-pericardial anastomosis by cardiovascular magnetic resonance

Patient

ECHO findings

CMR findings

2

Large unobstructed RPVs with laminar flow.

Severe discrete stenosis at junction of RLPV to LA.

6

Laminar flow in LUPV.

LPVs compressed between atria and descending aorta.

9

Long segment narrowing of LUPV with mild flow acceleration. Normal low velocity phasic flow in all 3 remaining PVs.

No LPVs are definitely identified on angiography.

13

4 PVs with laminar color flow and low velocity biphasic flow.

LUPV shows stenosis at its connection to the confluence.

17

Biphasic flow in all PVs.

Hypoplasia of the RUPV and LLPV. Some discrete narrowing of RLPV at entrance to LA.

18

Laminar flow in RPVs. Turbulent but phasic flow in LPVs.

Complete occlusion of RUPV. LPVs have significant focal area of narrowing at LA junction.

24

Flow acceleration seen in LLPV.

LUPVs remain diffusely stenotic... the entry of the LLPV into the LA is severely stenotic. Mild narrowing of RLPV prior to its confluence with the more inferior vein.

25

Stenosis of LLPV to LA. Laminar flow in LUPV and RPVs.

LUPV and LLPV are obstructed.

26

RLPV to IVC. RUPV to LA.

Mild constriction and kinking of RUPV as it connects to LA. Mild stenosis of the RLPV as it connects to the IVC.

28

Increased flow velocity in LPVs. Unobstructed RPVs.

Complete obstruction/atresia of the LPVs. Moderate compression of the common RPV.

29

RPVs have mild flow acceleration with low velocity, phasic flow. Increased but phasic flow across LLPV.

Only lower PVs connected to the LA. RLPV is intact without any stenosis. LLPV has discrete (~50%) stenosis.

30

Laminar color flow seen in 4 PVs. LUPV not seen more distally but laminar color flow seen entering the LA.

LUPV is small and presents a severe discrete stenosis at its junction to the LA.

  1. IVC, inferior vena cava; LA, left atrium; LLPV, left lower pulmonary vein; LPVs, left-sided pulmonary veins; LUPV, left upper pulmonary vein; PV, pulmonary vein; RLPV, right lower pulmonary vein; RPVs, right-sided pulmonary veins; RUPV, right upper pulmonary vein.