Minimizing Risk of Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis in Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance

Table 1 Stability of Gadolinium- based magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents in human serum at 37°C, K(therm)

Class	Net Charge	Trade Name	Short Names	Log K(therm)	Log K(cond7.4)	Kinetic Stabiltiy
Linear	Non-ionic	Omniscan	Gadodiamide	16.9	14.9	Low
	Non-ionic	Optimark	Gadoversetamide	16.8	15.0	Low
	Ionic	Magnevist	Gadopentetate	22.5	18.4	Medium
	Ionic	Multihance	Gadobenate	22.6	18.4	Medium
	Ionic	Primovist	Gadoxetate	23.5	18.7	Medium
	Ionic	Vasovist	Gadofosvescet	22.1	18.9	Medium
Macrocyclic	Non-ionic	Gadovist	Gadobutrol	21.8	15.5	High
	Non-ionic	Prohance	Gadoteridol	23.8	17.2	High
	Ionic	Dotarem	Gadoterate	25.6	19.3	High

Stability constants measured at high basic pH. K(cond7.4) describe the complex stability constant at physiological conditions (pH 7.4). The values of K(cond7.4) are smaller than the values of K(therm). Smaller values indicate less complex stability [24][21]. The Values of K(therm) and K(cond7.4) are based on studies of Kumar, Cacheris, Toth, Imura, Schmitt-Willich, Uggeri, Caravan and Moreau [12, 25–31]. Kinetic stability describes the activation energy required to break the chelate-Gadolinium bond.

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