Figure 1
From: Evaluation of left ventricular torsion by cardiovascular magnetic resonance
Axial and shear strains during systole. Relative to ED (left), the LV at ES (right) has shortened in both the longitudinal (L → L’) and circumferential (C → C’) directions (axial strains). A characteristic wringing motion (arrows) gives rise to a torsional shear given by the angle θCL = 90°- α. One significant effect of torsion is that the greatest shortening (P → P’) occurs obliquely to C and L, in the approximate direction of the sub-epicardial fibers. From [8] © American Journal of Cardiology, used by permission.