Figure 1

Velocity streamline flow representation in three clinical cases. A. Abnormal pulmonary flow in patient with pulmonary artery stenosis after two heart transplants. Note the helical flow and high velocities after the stenosis directed toward the left pulmonary artery (LPA) and decreased flow towards the right pulmonary artery (RPA). B. Deranged flow along the entire thoracic aorta secondary to bicuspid aortic valve and aortic coarctation. Note high velocity flow jet directed posteriorly with helix formation in the ascending aorta, and high velocity flow jet with helix formation distal to the coarctation. C. Flow abnormalities secondary to severe congenital aortic insufficiency. Note the high velocity systolic flow jet accompanied by swirling flow in the ascending aorta resulting from large volume aortic regurgitation.