Table 1 Anthropometric characteristics of the study population

Age (years)

45 ± 10

49 ± 11

44 ± 10

48 ± 8

0.12

BMI (kg/m ² )

25 ± 4

33 ± 7*

25 ± 4^Φ

30 ± 6*^ψ

<0.001

Visceral Fat (cm ² )

71 ± 39

160 ± 71*

86 ± 49^Φ

120 ± 66*

<0.001

0.9 ± 0.5

1.7 ± 0.8*

1.3 ± 1.0

2.4 ± 1.7*^ψ

<0.001

Cholesterol (mmol/L)

4.8 ± 0.9

5.1 ± 1.2

4.5 ± 1.4

4.6 ± 1.4

0.110

HDL-C (mmol/L)

1.6 ± 0.4

1.1 ± 0.3*

1.2 ± 0.4*

1.0 ± 0.4*

<0.001

Glucose (mmol/L)

4.8 ± 0.5

5.4 ± 0.8*

5.0 ± 0.8

6.0 ± 1.3*^Φψ

<0.001

HOMA-IR

1.1 ± 1.0

3.5 ± 2.7*

1.4 ± 1.3^Φ

4.6 ± 6.1*^ψ

<0.001

hs-CRP (mg/L)

0.7 ± 1.6

3.1 ± 4.0*

2.2 ± 2.7*

4.6 ± 4.5*^ψ

<0.001

SBP (mmHg)

117 ± 12

130 ± 14*

118 ± 16^Φ

138 ± 16*^ψ

<0.001

DBP (mmHg)

73 ± 9

80 ± 8*

75 ± 9^Φ

85 ± 8*^ψ

<0.001

Waist circumference (cm)

88 ± 14

110 ± 17*

89 ± 11^Φ

106 ± 16*^ψ

<0.001

Smoking (%)

32

32

37

41

0.799

PWV (m/s)

5.6 ± 1.0

6.7 ± 1.7*

6.2 ± 1.9*

7.4 ± 2.4*^ψ

<0.001