Figure 3

Results of Lambda2-based vortex core detection from a sample subject: (a) Identified vortex ring core at peak early (a) diastolic filling with respective location to LV (a), in top-down (b) and bottom-up (c) views. Similarly, identified peak late diastolic vortex ring core is shown in (d), (e) and (f). The core of the peak early filling vortex ring appears with a quasi-torus-like shape, more circular and symmetrical compared to the core of peak late filling vortex ring which appears more elliptical in shape and asymmetrical with dilated anterior side and compressed posterior side. Lambda2 isovalue threshold $\left({\mathrm{T}}_{{\lambda }_2}\right)=3\mathrm{\mu }$ was used to define the isosurfaces of vortex ring cores (with μ as the λ₂ average of voxels with λ₂ < 0).