From: 4D flow cardiovascular magnetic resonance consensus statement
Clinical indication | Quantification | Visualizationa |
---|---|---|
Heart valve disease (stenosis, regurgitation) | Flow volume | • Identification of regurgitant and stenotic jets using streamlines and pathlines |
• Regurgitant flow volumes & fraction | • Peak velocity location by systolic streamlines or maximum intensity projections of speed images | |
Peak velocity | • Outflow patterns using streamlines | |
• Estimated pressure gradients with modified Bernoulli equation | • Time course of flow curve | |
Shunts and collateral vessels (Ventricular-septal defect, atrial-septal defect, fistulae) | Flow volume | • Identification of shunt flow and flow directionality using pathlines |
• Shunt flow volume | ||
• Qp/Qs | ||
Complex congenital heart disease (e.g. single ventricle physiology, Fontan circulation, Fallot’s tetralogy), | Flow volume | • Flow directionality using pathlines |
• Regurgitant flow volumes & fraction | • Shunt flow using pathlines | |
• Flow distribution (e.g. left vs right pulmonary artery, relative SVC/IVC flow) | • Flow connectivity and distribution using pathlines | |
• Collateral flow volume | ||
Peak velocity | ||
Aortic disease (aneurysm, coarctation, dissection) | Flow volume | • Peak velocity location by systolic streamlines or maximum intensity projections of speed images |
• Regurgitant flow volumes & fraction | • Identification of flow in false lumen and potential entry/exit sites | |
• Relative flows in true & false lumen | • Identification of highly disrupted flow patterns (likely to reduce forward flow) in tortuous aortic conditions | |
Peak velocity |