Fig. 5

Temporal average kinetic energy (KE) inside the diastolic vortex (panel a) and outside the diastolic vortex (panel b) for controls and patients with heart failure subdivided by KE time curve patterns. Panel (c) shows the ratio between temporal average KE inside of the diastolic vortex and temporal average KE inside + outside of the diastolic vortex. This shows that patients with heart failure have lower fraction of KE inside of the diastolic vortex compared to controls. Comparisons are performed using Kruskal-Wallis test. Error bars show mean±SD. * = p < 0.05; ** = p < 0.01; *** = p < 0.001; ****p < 0.0001