Table 3 Cardiovascular complications of TS
From: The role of cardiovascular magnetic resonance in takotsubo syndrome
Complication | Study | Frequency | Comments/Prognostic implications |
|---|---|---|---|
Pericardial effusion | Eitel I. et al. [20] | 57,7 % | Rarely progresses to cardiac tamponade |
Functional mitral valve regurgitation | Izumo M. et al. [39] Haghi D. et al. [40] | 25,5 % 19 % | Conflicting data regarding long-term prognosis |
Dynamic LVOT obstruction | De Baker O. et al. [41] | 19 % | More frequent in older patients with the presence of septal bulging Gradient ≥ 40 mmHg is a high-risk factor associated to cardiogenic shock and functional mitral valve regurgitation |
Heart failure (Killip-class 3/4 on admission) | Stiermaier T. et al. [42] | 13,3 % | Independent predictor of long-term mortality |
Right ventricular involvement | Kagyiama M. et al. [38] Becher T. et al. [43] | 18,6 % 22,8 % | Conflicting data regarding long-term prognosis |
Cardiogenic shock | Stiermaier T. et al. [42] Becher T. et al. [43] | 10,8 % 15,9 % | Independent predictor of long-term mortality |
Life-threatening arrhythmias | Stiermaier T. et al. [44] | 13,5 % | Higher prevalence of subtle fibrosis/necrosis and lower LV ejection fraction on CMR Higher mortality at 1 year (44 vs 10 %) |
Thrombus formation | de Gregorio C. et al. [45] | ~2,5 % | No risk factors for thrombus formation were reported |
Systemic embolism | de Gregorio C. et al. [45] | <1 % | Predictor of long-term mortality |
LV free wall rupture | Kumar S. et al. [46] | <1 % | Risk factors: female gender, older age, persistent ST elevation, higher systolic BP and EF |