Fig. 3

Real-time CMR thermometry during RFA in vivo on a sheep LV. Dynamic CMR thermometry was performed in real-time during a RFA (70 W for 40 s, RFA #4 on sheep #3). a Temperature maps at t = 60 s, corresponding to 40 s of RF delivery, are overlaid on averaged registered magnitude images within a hand-drawn ROI surrounding the heating zone. Heating zone and associated TD (t = 200 s) are zoomed on (b) and (c) in a 30x30 pixels ROI. The value 1 refers to one time the lethal TD threshold equivalent to 43 °C for 240 min. d Temperature evolution in time in 5 × 5 pixels of slice #3 centered on the white arrow. Orange line depicts baseline temperature in a single pixel outside heating zone. (Additional file 1: Figure 3 shows CMR thermometry evolution every 4 dynamic repetitions)