Fig. 4

Hemodynamics in a Marfan patient at baseline t1 and at follow-up t2 after 3 years. a) and b): WSS distribution along the aortic surface at t1 (a) and t2 (b) depicts the segmental low WSS at the inner curvature of the proximal descending aorta (black arrows). C)-f) reveal aortic flow at late systole/early diastole visualized by streamlines, c) and d) posterior view, e) and f) anterior view. Along with low WSS, marked combined helix/vortex flow patterns (white arrows) in the dilated proximal descending aorta were scored as grade 2.5 at t1 (c and e) and 3 at t2 (d and f). AAo = ascending aorta, DAo = descending aorta