Fig. 5From: Radiation-free CMR diagnostic heart catheterization in childrenLeft heart CMR catheterization in patients with atrial septal defect and complete atrioventricular canal defect. Real-time CMR guided left heart catheterization in patients with atrial septal defect (panels a–d) and complete atrioventricular canal defect (panels e–h) are shown. Each two panel sequence (i.e., Panels a/b, etc.) are in the same imaging plane with standard real-time steady state free precession and after flow-sensitive saturation preparation pulse to null blood pool. Panel (b) shows the gadolinium filled balloon navigated from right atrium across the atrial septal defect to the right upper pulmonary vein (RUPV). Panel (d) shows the balloon navigated to the left ventricle (LV). Panel (f) shows the balloon in the left atrium (LA). Panel (h) shows the balloon after navigation to the left ventricleBack to article page