Diabetes mellitus and insulin resistance associate with left ventricular shape and torsion by cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging in asymptomatic individuals from the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis

Table 2 Association of CMR LV indices by DM state (n = 1476)

Dependent variables (LV indices)	Multivariable liner regression; coefficients
	IFG	Untreated DM	Treated DM
	(vs. NFG)	(vs. NFG)	(vs. NFG)	R²
End-diastolic volume, ml	−1.86 (1.81)	2.89 (3.82)	0.17 (2.26)	0.41
Mass, g	1.64 (2.00)	5.01 (4.22)	4.42 (2.50)*	0.55
Mass-to-volume	0.04 (0.02)†	0.01 (0.04)	0.04 (0.02)*	0.19
Sphericity index, %	−0.44 (0.43)	0.94 (0.90)	− 0.27 (0.54)	0.10
Ejection fraction, %	−0.33 (0.51)	−1.27 (1.08)	0.76 (0.64)	0.19
Longitudinal shortening, %	−0.36 (0.17)†	−0.63 (0.37)*	− 0.17 (0.22)	0.17
Circumferential shortening, %	−0.03 (0.18)	−0.43 (0.39)	− 0.17 (0.23)	0.15
Torsion, °/cm	0.13 (0.08)	−0.25 (0.18)	0.24 (0.11)†	0.18

Coefficients (standard errors) represents the difference in depend variables compared to NFG as a reference in DM fasting glucose criteria. Model include age, gender, race, height, obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m²), smoking status (non, former, and current), heart rate, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, use of medication for hypertension and dyslipidemia, estimated glomerular filtration rate, walking in METs per week, and alcoholic status (non-drinker, former, or current)
Abbreviations and definition of DM state as in Table 1
* p < 0.1, †p < 0.05

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