Diabetes mellitus and insulin resistance associate with left ventricular shape and torsion by cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging in asymptomatic individuals from the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis

Table 4 Association of left ventricular torsion with HOMA-IR (n = 1266)*

	Multivariable spline liner regression
Depend variable	Log HOMA-IR < 1.5 mg/dl	Log HOMA-IR > 1.5 mg/dl	R²
Torsion, °/cm
Model 1	0.16 (0.07)†	−0.51 (.40)	0.15
Model 2	0.16 (0.08)†	−0.50 (0.40)	0.17

Coefficients (standard error) represents the change in torsion corresponds to 1 unite increase in log-HOMA-IR
Model1 included age, gender, race and height
Model 2 included age, gender, race, height, obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2), smoking status (non, former, and current), heart rate, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, use of medication for hypertension and dyslipidemia, estimated glomerular filtration rate, walking in METs per week, and alcoholic status (non-drinker, former, or current) as in Table 3
*Participants with diabetes mellitus were excluded as in Table 3
† P < 0.05

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