Fetal hemodynamics and cardiac streaming assessed by 4D flow cardiovascular magnetic resonance in fetal sheep

Table 3 Literature-based flow comparisons

		Method	CVO	MPA	AAo	SVC	DA	PBF^a	DAo	UV	FO^b	IVC_d	IVC_p^c	DV
Mean Flow (mL/min per kg)	Human	2D PC MRI	465	261	191	137	187	74	252	134	135	–	–	–
	Mouse	ultrasound	1020	550	470	210	340	210	410	130	270	–	290	90
	Sheep	microspheres	450	300	137	108	260	36	305	180	115	125	305	100
	Sheep	2D PC MRI	517	266	236	121	200	89	352	213	164	–	–	105
	Sheep	4D flow MRI	546	284	245	181	265	38	333	197	174	117	357	144
	# measurements			6	5	4	5	3	10	8	5	6	8	7
	standard error			35.6	30.4	20.4	13.5	2.3	31.2	20.2	35.3	10.2	27.1	22.1
		Method		MPA	AAo	SVC	DA	PBF^a	DAo	UV	FO^b	IVC_d	IVC_p^c	DV
Mean Flow (% of CVO)	Human	2D PC MRI		56	41	29	40	15	54	29	29	–	–	–
	Mouse	ultrasound		52	48	23	36	21	42	14	31	–	30	10
	Sheep	microspheres		67	30	24	58	8	68	40	26	28	68	22
	Sheep	2D PC MRI		51	46	23	39	17	68	41	32	–	–	20
	Sheep	4D flow MRI		52	45	33	48	7	61	36	32	21	65	26

Literature-based numbers for fetal blood distribution in human (from CMR [9]), mouse (from Doppler ultrasound [7]), sheep (from radiolabeled microspheres [20]), and sheep (from 2D PC CMR [10]) versus 4D flow CMR data in sheep. Right hepatic vein flows, not presented here, were measured in 5 subjects
PBF ^a (mouse) calculated as MPA - DA. FO ^b (human, mouse, sheep – 2D PC CMR) calculated as AAo – PBF. IVC _p ^c (sheep – microspheres) calculated as UV + IVC _d
UV: umbilical vein; DV: ductus venosus; IVC_d: distal inferior vena cava; IVC_p: proximal inferior vena cava; SVC: superior vena cava; FO: foramen ovale; AAo: ascending aorta; DA: ductus arteriosus; DAo: descending aorta; MPA: main pulmonary artery; PBF: combined pulmonary blood flow

ISSN: 1532-429X