Fig. 3

56 year-old male with end-stage renal disease presented with loss of hemodialysis access and multiple failed attempts at central venous access. 3 T FE-CMRV source images (a and c) and reconstructed color 3D volume rendering (b) demonstrate complete occlusion of the infrahepatic inferior vena cava (white arrows in A) and dilated azygos vein (white arrows in c) with extensive collateralization. Fluoroscopic image (d) demonstrates percutaneous transhepatic inferior snare technique through a patent hepatic vein (white arrows in d) for successful Permacatheter tip placement in the right atrium performed based on the vascular map provided by FE-CMRV and without iodine based contrast media