Table 1 Characteristics of the study group

Age (years)

16.5 ± 3.8

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a

Male (%)

4/10 (40)

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a

VO₂ max^a

30.2 ± 8.6

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a

Oxygen saturation^a

93.8 ± 4.4^b

88.7 ± 4.8^b

−4.3 ± 3.3

− 5 ± 4

0.008

HR (bpm)

83.4 ± 18.9

110.9 ± 20.0

27.5 ± 8.2

35 ± 12

< 0.001

EDV (mL)

164.4 ± 43.9

156.8 ± 46.0

−7.6 ± 13.9

−5 ± 8

0.12

ESV (mL)

83.6 ± 23.7

64.8 ± 20.9

−21.7 [−25.6 to −14.4]

−26 [−30 to −19]

< 0.001

SV (mL)

80.8 ± 29.4

92.0 ± 33.9

11.1 ± 9.2

14 ± 10

0.004

EF (%)

49.1 ± 8.5

58.6 ± 8.1

9.5 ± 3.2

20 ± 8

< 0.001

CO (L/min)

6.4 ± 1.3

9.7 ± 2.2

3.3 ± 1.3

52 ± 17

< 0.001

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

121.2 ± 15.2

150.6 ± 19.3

29.4 ± 12.1

25 ± 11

< 0.001

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

62.7 ± 10.0

70.3 ± 6.0

7.6 ± 9.5

14 ± 19

0.03

Sphericity index systole

1.1 ± 0.3

1.2 ± 0.4

0.1 ± 0.2

2[−8 to 13]

0.44

Sphericity index diastole

1.0 ± 0.1

1.1 ± 0.2

0.05 ± 0.2

2 [−5 tot 9]

0.41