Fig. 4

Custom supine stepper ergometer. An example of a supine stepper ergometer utilised in research at the University of Wisconsin [87]. a. The ergometer outside the CMR-scanner. b- The ergometer in use. The ergometer allows for exercise via an up/down motion, a technique which is reported to cause less movement artefact than the cycle ergometer at the cost of less muscle mass recruitment and thus lower achievable maximal heart rates