Exercise cardiovascular magnetic resonance: development, current utility and future applications

Table 2 The transfer times and resultant imaging heart rates in treadmill exercise CMR studies

Study	Year	Patient population	N=	Age	Treadmill location	Time (s) from exercise cessation to stress CMR:			Peak HR	Image acquisition HR	CMR completion HR
Study	Year	Patient population	N=	Age	Treadmill location	Initiation	Cine image completion	Perfusion completion	Peak HR	Image acquisition HR	CMR completion HR
Rerkpattanapipat [33]	2003	Patients referred for angiography	27	62 ± 11	Outside MR scanner	NS	61 ± 24	N/A	130 ± 20 bpm	113 ± 16 bpm	NS
Jekic [34]	2008	Healthy volunteers	20	39 ± 15	Corner of MR scanner room	30 ± 4	45 ± 4	57 ± 5^a	98 ± 7% THR	84 ± 11% THR	NS
Raman [31]	2010	Patients referred for MPS-SPECT	43	54 ± 12	Corner of MR scanner room	42 ± 5	68 ± 14	88 ± 8	93 ± 9% THR	74 ± 10% THR (cine)	NS
Foster [27]	2012	Healthy volunteers	10	23–67	MR Scanner adjacent	24 ± 4	40 ± 7	50.5 ± 9	98 ± 8% THR	86 ± 9% THR	81 ± 9% THR
Thavendiranathan [42]	2014	Healthy volunteers	28	28 ± 11	MR Scanner adjacent	21 ± 2	41 ± 4	N/A	173 (146–196) bpm	148 ± 14 bpm	NS
Sukpraphrute [43]	2015	Patients with known or suspected CAD	115	59 ± 13	Outside MR scanner room	NS	<60s^b	N/A	88 ± 12% THR	NS	NS
Lafountain [44]	2016	Athletes	10	26 ± 5	Scanner adjacent	36 ± 4^c	NS	N/A	> 95% THR	87% THR	NS
Raman [45]	2016	Patients referred for MPS-SPECT	94	57 ± 11	Scanner adjacent	25 ± 13	46 ± 16	87 ± 36	97 ± 10% THR	83 ± 11% THR (cine images) 76 ± 11% THR (perfusion)	NS

^aTime to peak perfusion
^b100% of patients completed diagnostic imaging in <60s, exact times not specified
^cCPET face mask removal increased transfer time
Abbreviations: BPM beats per minute, CAD Coronary artery disease, CPET cardiopulmonary exercise test, HR Heart rate, MR magnetic resonance, N/A Not applicable, NS not specified, N Number of patients, MPS-SPECT Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy Single-photon emission computed tomography, THR Target heart rate

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