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Fig. 3 | Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance

Fig. 3

From: 4D flow CMR analysis comparing patients with anatomically shaped aortic sinus prostheses, tube prostheses and healthy subjects introducing the wall shear stress gradient: a case control study

Fig. 3

Grading scheme for secondary flow patterns. In a first step, the flow field was generated using pathlines and 3D streamlines, color-coded with respect to flow velocity (V [cm/s]), to detect secondary flow patterns. a demonstrates a secondary helix, b a secondary vortex in the ascending aorta. Secondly, after a secondary flow pattern was detected, a scalar map and in plane vectors were created to confirm the respective characteristics of c a helix: helical flow, no backward flow, and d a vortex: helical flow optional, backward flow. e Lastly, the secondary flow pattern was graded on a scale of 1–3 with respect to the proportion of aberrant flow (dotted arrow) to the aorta’s diameter (bold arrow). The grading scheme is based on the method by Oechtering and coworkers [8]

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