Fig. 4

a A curved planar reformat of a 3D-bSSFP image. The course of the thoracic duct and lymphatic leakage in the thorax (red arrow) are shown. b A T2w image with loss of lymphatic duct visualization around the left lung apex (blue arrow). c 3D-bSSFP image in the axial upper thorax. Thoracic duct traversing from posterior to anterior and eventually draining into the internal jugular vein (blue arrow). d 3D-bSSFP guidance used for quick fluoroscopic-guided retrograde thoracic duct access, leading to a quick, successful lymphatic occlusion procedure in the catheterization lab with low radiation exposure