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Table 4 Overview of CMR population studies defining PWV values in the age range 45–65 years

From: Normal and reference values for cardiovascular magnetic resonance-based pulse wave velocity in the middle-aged general population

Study

Population size (n)

CMR PWV technique

Age range (years)

CVD risk profile

Median PWV range (m/s)

Men

Median PWV range (m/s)

Women

PWV (m/s) between 45 and 65

2011. Westenberg et al.

25

gradient-echo multi-slice through-plane

18–63

Healthy volunteers

4.5–6.7

4.5–6.7

5.5–6.9

2013 Kim et al.

124

gradient-echo multi-slice through-plane

20–79

Healthy volunteers

4.2–6.5

4.2–6.5

4.9–6.5

2015. Nethononda et al.

777

gradient-echo multi-slice through-plane

21–85

Population (incl. HTN, diabetics and smokers)

4.4–13.0

4.3–11.9

6.5–9.6

2018. Harloff et al.

126

4D-flow

20–80

Population (incl. HTN, diabetics and smokers)

4.4–7.8

4.6–8.5

5.2–8.1

  1. CVD cardiovascular disease, HTN hypertension, PWV pulse wave velocity