Table 1 Study population characteristics across race- and gender-adjusted quartiles of visceral adiposity

N

268

274

276

271

–

Visceral adipose tissue, kg

1.1 (0.8, 1.4)

1.7 (1.5, 2.5)

2.4 (2.0, 3.3)

3.4 (2.8, 4.3)

–

Demographics

Age, years

45.0 (40.0, 53.5)

48.0 (41.0, 55.0)

51.0 (44.0, 58.0)

53.0 (46.0, 60.0)

 < .001

Male, %

45.5

45.6

45.7

45.4

0.978

White, %

42.9

42.7

42.4

42.8

0.963

Black, %

38.8

38.7

38.4

38.8

0.972

Hispanic, %

16.4

16.4

16.7

16.2

0.976

Vitals

Systolic BP, mmHg

120.2 (112.3, 133.3)

124.7 (116.3, 135.0)

126.7(118.0, 140.0)

131.0 (123.0, 139.7)

 < .001

MVPA, min/day

53.5 (41.1)

44.4 (35.9)

38.2 (31.3)

34.6 (28.8)

 < .001

Anthropometric measures

Body mass index, kg/m²

23.9 (21.5, 26.0)

27.6 (25.1, 30.1)

29.7 (27.5, 32.4)

33.8 (31.0, 37.3)

 < .001

Waist circumference, cm

81.3 (74.9, 87.0)

88.9 (83.8, 95.3)

96.5 (90.2, 101.6)

106.1 (100.3, 111.8)

 < .001

Medical history

Hypertension, %

24.6

28.8

43.5

57.6

 < .001

Diabetes mellitus, %

34.7

40.9

38.0

50.6

0.001

Hypercholesterolemia, %

13.9

27.8

25.9

31.2

 < .001

Smoking status, %

25.7

21.6

15.5

15.8

0.001

Laboratory data

LDL, mg/dL

111.0 (92.0, 135.0)

120.0 (95.0, 145.0)

119.0 (100.0, 143.0)

116.0 (93.0, 142.0)

0.259

A1C, %

5.3 (5.1, 5.5)

5.4 (5.1, 5.6)

5.5 (5.2, 5.7)

5.6 (5.3, 5.9)

 < .001

Estimated peak oxygen uptake (VO_2max), ml/kg/min

32.9 (25.7, 39.5)

28.4 (21.6, 33.8)

26.8 (21.8, 34.0)

23.9 (18.9, 29.1)

 < .001

Body composition

Total lean body mass, kg

38.3(82.2)

40.4 (86.7)

42.6 (91.9)

45.4 (86.2)

 < .001

ALM, kg

21.5 (5.5)

22.2 (5.8)

23.5 (6.1)

24.7 (5.3)

 < .001

ALM index, kg/m²

7.4 (1.4)

7.7 (1.5)

8.1 (1.5)

8.6 (1.28)

 < .001

CMR measures

LV mass index, g/m²

63.1 (54.1, 74.4)

58.9 (50.0, 71.9)

62.1 (51.8, 71.3)

61.6 (54.4, 71.6)

0.632

LVEDV index, mL/m²

64.7 (56.8, 71.3)

58.0 (51.8, 66.3)

57.5 (50.8, 63.8)

55.2 (49.1, 61.9)

 < .001

LVEF, %

68.3 (64.1, 72.9)

69.4 (65.3, 73.4)

69.1 (65.0, 73.1)

69.6 (65.6, 73.6)

0.043

Stroke volume, mL

78.5 (68.8, 89.8)

76.5 (67.2, 87.4)

78.4 (68.4, 88.6)

80.1 (70.8, 89.2)

0.171

Peak systolic circumferential strain, (%)

− 15.2 (− 17.1, − 13.4)

− 14.8 (− 16.1, − 13.2)

− 14.3 (− 16.3, − 12.3)

− 14.3 (− 16.1, − 12.4)

 < .001