Table 2 Cardiac symptoms and laboratory findings of patients with Wilson Disease
Questionnaire cardiac-related symptoms | WD (n = 76) | WD-neuro− (n = 43) | WD-neuro+ (n = 33)a | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Dyspnea | 12% | 5% | 23% |  < 0.05 |
NYHA class | 1 (1–1) | 1 (1–1) | 1 (1–2) | 0.06 |
Chest pain (atypical) | 7% | 2% | 13% | 0.07 |
Peripheral edema | 12% | 9% | 16% | 0.38 |
Palpitations | 13% | 14% | 13% | 0.90 |
Dizziness | 24% | 16% | 35% | 0.06 |
Loss of consciousness | 15% | 10% | 29% | 0.08 |
Laboratory Values | ||||
NT-proBNP (< 125 ng/l) | 113 ± 121 | 122 ± 138 | 100 ± 94 | 0.53 |
Creatinine (0.5–0.9 mg/dl) | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.41 |
eGFR (> 60 ml/min/1.73m2) | 114 ± 16 | 114 ± 16 | 113 ± 16 | 0.81 |
Urea (< 45 mg/dl) | 28 ± 8 | 27 ± 7 | 29 ± 8 | 0.25 |
AST (< 37U/l) | 37 ± 19 | 37 ± 20 | 36 ± 16.3 | 0.72 |
ALT (< 35U/l) | 53 ± 44 | 57 ± 44 | 48 ± 44 | 0.38 |
LDH (< 264U/l) | 208 ± 45 | 208 ± 46 | 208 ± 465.7 | 0.96 |
ALP (55–105U/l) | 93 ± 35 | 92 ± 39 | 95 ± 30 | 0.74 |
Total bilirubin (< 1 mg/dl) | 0.97 ± 0.7 | 0.97 ± 0.6 | 0.98 ± 0.9 | 0.96 |
Direct bilirubin (< 0.3 mg/dl) | 0.3 ± 0.2 | 0.3 ± 0.2 | 0.3 ± 0.2 | 0.63 |
Iron (12–27 µmol/l) | 16 ± 7 | 16 ± 8 | 15 ± 6 | 0.46 |
Ferritin (20–120 µg/l) | 153 ± 152 | 152 ± 153 | 154 ± 153 | 0.98 |
Ceruloplasmin (0.2–0.6 ng/l) | 0.1 ± 0.05 | 0.1 ± 0.05 | 0.1 ± 0.05 | 0.99 |
Copper, serum levels (12–24 µmol/l) | 5.6 ± 3.5 | 5.7 ± 3.6 | 5.6 ± 3.3 | 0.87 |
Zinc, serum levels (9–18 µmol/l) | 16 ± 7 | 17 ± 7 | 15 ± 6 | 0.26 |
Non-ceruloplasmin-bound copper (µmol/l) | 1.8 ± 1.5 | 1.8 ± 1.4 | 1.8 ± 1.8 | 0.97 |
Copper, urine levels (0.06–1.26 µmol/l) | 1.5 (0.8–2.9) | 1.3 (0.6–2.7) | 1.5 (0.9–5.2) | 0.24 |
Copper, 24-h urine (< 0.94 µmol/d) | 2.6 (1.3–6.0) | 2.60 (1.0–5.3) | 2.9 (1.3–6.3) | 0.36 |
Zinc, urine levels (2.8–13.0 µmol/l) | 14.1 ± 13.2 | 11.9 ± 11.0 | 17.0 ± 15.3 | 0.09 |
Zinc, 24-h urine (2.3–18.4 µmol/d) | 25.6 ± 28.1 | 23.5 ± 21.3 | 28.3 ± 35.1 | 0.48 |