| Control subjects (n = 20) | HCM population, n = 238 | P value | New onset AF (n = 33) | No new onset AF (n = 205) | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline and clinical | ||||||
Age at CMR scan | 48 [37, 64] | 54 [43, 63] | 0.362 | 61 [55, 66] | 53 [41, 61] | 0.001* |
Men, n, % | 15, 75 | 184, 77 | 1 | 25, 76 | 159, 78 | 0.824 |
Body mass index | 26.6 [23.4, 27.8] | 27.5 [24.6, 30.3] | 0.145 | 28.5 [25.7, 30.8] | 27.2 [24.5, 30.7] | 0.129 |
Body surface area | 1.9 (0.2) | 2.0 (0.3) | 0.276 | 2.1 [1.8, 2.2] | 2.0 [1.8, 2.2] | 0.51 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 128 (13.3) | 131 (18.5) | 0.558 | 130 (14.8) | 131 (19.2) | 0.968 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 72 (8.0) | 77 (10.3) | 0.077 | 78 (9.7) | 77 (10.4) | 0.586 |
Hypertension, n, % | 4, 20 | 99, 42 | 0.479 | 18, 55 | 81, 40 | 0.130 |
Mitral regurgitation class, %: no mitral regurgitation, 1, 2, 3, 4 | 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 | 71, 17, 7, 6, 0 | – | 73, 3, 15, 9, 0 | 71, 19, 5, 5, 0 | 0.014* |
SCD score: ESC guidelines | N/A | 2.0 (1.6) | – | 2.3 (1.8) | 2.0 (1.4) | 0.273 |
VT historical, n, % | N/A | 12, 5 | – | 5, 15 | 7, 3 | 0.015* |
VT new onset, n, % | N/A | 26, 11 | – | 6, 18 | 20, 10 | 0.225 |
TIA historical, n, % | N/A | 6, 3 | – | 1, 3 | 5, 2 | 0.596 |
TIA new onset, n, % | 0, 0 | 5, 2 | – | 2, 6 | 3, 1 | 0.143 |
Diabetes mellitus, n, % | 0, 0 | 18, 8 | – | 2, 6 | 16, 8 | 1 |
Smoking history, n, % | - | 59, 25 | – | 10, 30 | 49, 24 | 0.516 |
LGE presence, n, % | 0, 0 | 185,  77 | – | 30, 91 | 155, 76 | 0.056 |
LGE mass (g) | 0, 0% | 15.0 [8.0, 26.0] | – | 14.0 [6.9, 29.0] | 16.0 [8.0, 26.0] | 0.687 |
LGE (%) | 0, 0% | 10.5 [5.6, 15.5] | – | 10.0 [4.8, 14.6] | 10.7 [5.7, 15.5] | 0.601 |
Latest NYHA class, %: 1, 2, 3, 4 | 20, 0, 0, 0 | 65, 28, 7, 0 | – | 44, 50, 6, 0 | 69, 25, 7, 0 | 0.012* |
Sarcomeric variant present, n, % | N/A | 78, 33 | – | 8, 24 | 70, 34 | 0.239 |
Medications | ||||||
Beta-blockers, n, % | 0, 0 | 107, 45 |  < 0.001* | 19, 58 | 88, 43 | 0.190 |
Calcium channel blockers, n, % | 0, 0 | 59, 25 | 0.021 | 12, 36 | 47, 23 | 0.136 |
ACE-I/ARB, n, % | 2, 10 | 57, 24 | 0.213 | 11, 33 | 46, 22 | 0.194 |
Diuretics, n, % | 0, 0 | 9, 4 | 0.754 | 1, 3 | 8, 4 | 1 |
Aspirin, n, % | 1, 5 | 81, 34 | 0.009* | 11, 33 | 70, 34 | 0.845 |
Warfarin or other anticoagulation, n, % | 0, 0 | 21, 9 | 0.315 | 11, 33 | 10, 5 |  < 0.001* |
CMR: left atrium | ||||||
LA diameter (mm) | 34.5 (4.3) | 37.2 (5.7) | 0.037 | 39.0 [34.0, 42.0] | 37.0 [33.0, 40.0] | 0.136 |
LAEDV index (mL/m2) | 38.1 [35.9, 46.9] | 43.8 [36.2, 51.1] | 0.158 | 45.6 [39.4, 65.5] | 43.5 [35.2, 50.7] | 0.044 |
LAEDV (mL) | 78.7 (20.4) | 90.8 (31.7) | 0.095 | 95.3 [77.7, 127.9] | 84.5 [66.2, 105.7] | 0.040 |
LAESV index (mL/m2) | 17.3 (4.7) | 23.6 (12.4) | 0.025 | 31.5 (18.3) | 22.3 (10.7) |  < 0.001* |
LAESV (mL) | 33.5 (10.3) | 46.9 (24.8) | 0.017 | 62.9 (36.5) | 44.28 (21.3) |  < 0.001* |
LA stroke volume (mL) | 45.2 (12.9) | 44.0 (15.2) | 0.720 | 40.0 (16.9) | 44.6 (14.9) | 0.111 |
LA reservoir strain (%) | 21.6 [19.9, 22.9] | 19.9 [17.1, 22.2] | 0.047 | 15.6 (5.4) | 19.8 (4.3) |  < 0.001* |
LA conduit strain (%) | 13.7 (3.3) | 10.6 (4.4) | 0.002* | 8.6 (3.8) | 10.9 (4.4) | 0.004* |
LA booster strain (%) | 8.7 (1.8) | 9.2 (3.1) | 0.439 | 7.6 (3.3) | 9.5 (3.0) | 0.001* |
LAEF (%) | 57.2 [54.6, 61.5] | 51.7 [44.8, 57.5] | 0.001* | 44.0 [26.7, 54.0] | 52.5 [46.9, 58.0] | 0.001* |
CMR: left ventricle | ||||||
LV maximal wall thickness (mm) | – | 19.0 [16.0, 22.0] | – | 21.0 [18.0, 23.0] | 19.0 [16.0, 22.0] | 0.068 |
LVOT max pressure gradient (mmHg) | – | 5.2 [3.8, 7.6] | – | 5.4 [4.0, 8.1] | 5.2 [3.8, 7.4] | 0.698 |
LVOT obstruction ≥ 30 mmHg, n, % | – | 9, 4 | – | 0, 0 | 9, 4 | – |
LVEDV index (mL/m2) | 80.8 [65.9, 93.5] | 71.1 [62.0, 82.1] | 0.025 | 66.0 [55.0, 75.0] | 72.2 [63.5, 82.3] | 0.024 |
LVESV index (mL/m2) | 29.0 [21.4, 35.0] | 21.3 [17.0, 27.0] | 0.008 | 19.3 [15.8, 25.0] | 21.7 [17.6, 27.0] | 0.039 |
LV stroke volume index (mL/m2) | 51.4 [47.4, 60.0] | 49.8 [43.8, 54.9] | 0.171 | 45.4 [39.0, 53.2] | 50.1 [44.0, 55.4] | 0.066 |
LV ejection fraction (%) | 64.9 [59.5, 71.2] | 69.6 [65.0, 74.3] | 0.024 | 70.6 (7.2) | 69.3 (6.9) | 0.292 |
LV mass (grams) | 107.4 [88.8, 122.9] | 151.5 [127.3, 183.5] |  < 0.001* | 178.8 [139.7, 200.4] | 150.3 [123.7, 176.7] | 0.024 |