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Table 1 Baseline and CMR data: ‘controls vs HCM’; ‘No new onset AF vs new onset AF’

From: Incremental value of left atrial booster and reservoir strain in predicting atrial fibrillation in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a cardiovascular magnetic resonance study

 

Control subjects (n = 20)

HCM population, n = 238

P value

New onset AF (n = 33)

No new onset AF (n = 205)

P value

Baseline and clinical

Age at CMR scan

48 [37, 64]

54 [43, 63]

0.362

61 [55, 66]

53 [41, 61]

0.001*

Men, n, %

15, 75

184, 77

1

25, 76

159, 78

0.824

Body mass index

26.6 [23.4, 27.8]

27.5 [24.6, 30.3]

0.145

28.5 [25.7, 30.8]

27.2 [24.5, 30.7]

0.129

Body surface area

1.9 (0.2)

2.0 (0.3)

0.276

2.1 [1.8, 2.2]

2.0 [1.8, 2.2]

0.51

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

128 (13.3)

131 (18.5)

0.558

130 (14.8)

131 (19.2)

0.968

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

72 (8.0)

77 (10.3)

0.077

78 (9.7)

77 (10.4)

0.586

Hypertension, n, %

4, 20

99, 42

0.479

18, 55

81, 40

0.130

Mitral regurgitation class, %: no mitral regurgitation, 1, 2, 3, 4

0, 0, 0, 0, 0

71, 17, 7, 6, 0

–

73, 3, 15, 9, 0

71, 19, 5, 5, 0

0.014*

SCD score: ESC guidelines

N/A

2.0 (1.6)

–

2.3 (1.8)

2.0 (1.4)

0.273

VT historical, n, %

N/A

12, 5

–

5, 15

7, 3

0.015*

VT new onset, n, %

N/A

26, 11

–

6, 18

20, 10

0.225

TIA historical, n, %

N/A

6, 3

–

1, 3

5, 2

0.596

TIA new onset, n, %

0, 0

5, 2

–

2, 6

3, 1

0.143

Diabetes mellitus, n, %

0, 0

18, 8

–

2, 6

16, 8

1

Smoking history, n, %

-

59, 25

–

10, 30

49, 24

0.516

LGE presence, n, %

0, 0

185,  77

–

30, 91

155, 76

0.056

LGE mass (g)

0, 0%

15.0 [8.0, 26.0]

–

14.0 [6.9, 29.0]

16.0 [8.0, 26.0]

0.687

LGE (%)

0, 0%

10.5 [5.6, 15.5]

–

10.0 [4.8, 14.6]

10.7 [5.7, 15.5]

0.601

Latest NYHA class, %: 1, 2, 3, 4

20, 0, 0, 0

65, 28, 7, 0

–

44, 50, 6, 0

69, 25, 7, 0

0.012*

Sarcomeric variant present, n, %

N/A

78, 33

–

8, 24

70, 34

0.239

Medications

Beta-blockers, n, %

0, 0

107, 45

 < 0.001*

19, 58

88, 43

0.190

Calcium channel blockers, n, %

0, 0

59, 25

0.021

12, 36

47, 23

0.136

ACE-I/ARB, n, %

2, 10

57, 24

0.213

11, 33

46, 22

0.194

Diuretics, n, %

0, 0

9, 4

0.754

1, 3

8, 4

1

Aspirin, n, %

1, 5

81, 34

0.009*

11, 33

70, 34

0.845

Warfarin or other anticoagulation, n, %

0, 0

21, 9

0.315

11, 33

10, 5

 < 0.001*

CMR: left atrium

LA diameter (mm)

34.5 (4.3)

37.2 (5.7)

0.037

39.0 [34.0, 42.0]

37.0 [33.0, 40.0]

0.136

LAEDV index (mL/m2)

38.1 [35.9, 46.9]

43.8 [36.2, 51.1]

0.158

45.6 [39.4, 65.5]

43.5 [35.2, 50.7]

0.044

LAEDV (mL)

78.7 (20.4)

90.8 (31.7)

0.095

95.3 [77.7, 127.9]

84.5 [66.2, 105.7]

0.040

LAESV index (mL/m2)

17.3 (4.7)

23.6 (12.4)

0.025

31.5 (18.3)

22.3 (10.7)

 < 0.001*

LAESV (mL)

33.5 (10.3)

46.9 (24.8)

0.017

62.9 (36.5)

44.28 (21.3)

 < 0.001*

LA stroke volume (mL)

45.2 (12.9)

44.0 (15.2)

0.720

40.0 (16.9)

44.6 (14.9)

0.111

LA reservoir strain (%)

21.6 [19.9, 22.9]

19.9 [17.1, 22.2]

0.047

15.6 (5.4)

19.8 (4.3)

 < 0.001*

LA conduit strain (%)

13.7 (3.3)

10.6 (4.4)

0.002*

8.6 (3.8)

10.9 (4.4)

0.004*

LA booster strain (%)

8.7 (1.8)

9.2 (3.1)

0.439

7.6 (3.3)

9.5 (3.0)

0.001*

LAEF (%)

57.2 [54.6, 61.5]

51.7 [44.8, 57.5]

0.001*

44.0 [26.7, 54.0]

52.5 [46.9, 58.0]

0.001*

CMR: left ventricle

LV maximal wall thickness (mm)

–

19.0 [16.0, 22.0]

–

21.0 [18.0, 23.0]

19.0 [16.0, 22.0]

0.068

LVOT max pressure gradient (mmHg)

–

5.2 [3.8, 7.6]

–

5.4 [4.0, 8.1]

5.2 [3.8, 7.4]

0.698

LVOT obstruction ≥ 30 mmHg, n, %

–

9, 4

–

0, 0

9, 4

–

LVEDV index (mL/m2)

80.8 [65.9, 93.5]

71.1 [62.0, 82.1]

0.025

66.0 [55.0, 75.0]

72.2 [63.5, 82.3]

0.024

LVESV index (mL/m2)

29.0 [21.4, 35.0]

21.3 [17.0, 27.0]

0.008

19.3 [15.8, 25.0]

21.7 [17.6, 27.0]

0.039

LV stroke volume index (mL/m2)

51.4 [47.4, 60.0]

49.8 [43.8, 54.9]

0.171

45.4 [39.0, 53.2]

50.1 [44.0, 55.4]

0.066

LV ejection fraction (%)

64.9 [59.5, 71.2]

69.6 [65.0, 74.3]

0.024

70.6 (7.2)

69.3 (6.9)

0.292

LV mass (grams)

107.4 [88.8, 122.9]

151.5 [127.3, 183.5]

 < 0.001*

178.8 [139.7, 200.4]

150.3 [123.7, 176.7]

0.024

  1. Data are represented as mean ± standard deviation, or median [IQR]
  2. Hypothesis testing via Student’s t-test or Mann–Whitney U test, as appropriate
  3. ACEI angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, ARB angiotensin receptor blocker, ESC European Society of Cardiology, LA left atria, LAEDV left atrial end diastolic volume, LAESV left atrial end systolic volume, LGE late gadolinium enhancement (5-SD), LGE % percentage of tissue enhanced by gadolinium, LV left ventricle, LVEDV left ventricular end diastolic volume, LVESV left ventricular end systolic volume, LVOT left ventricular outflow tract, LVOT obstruction, when pressure ≥ 30 mmHg, NYHA New York Heart Association, SCD sudden cardiac death, TIA transient ischemic attack, VT ventricular tachycardia
  4. *Indicates a significant difference. This significance level is P < 0.05 without Bonferroni correction for baseline clinical variables and medications, whereas with Bonferroni correction the significance values are P < 0.005 and P < 0.0071 for CMR: Left Atrium and CMR: Left Ventricle, respectively