Fig. 3

Invasive and 4D Flow CMR assessment of moderate mitral stenosis. a Demonstrates invasive assessment of mitral stenosis with simultaneous recording of pulmonary artery wedge pressure and left ventricular pressure. The mean pressure gradient by this method was 6 mmHg. b–d CMR left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) view, 4-chamber view and vertical long axis view, demonstrating reduced opening and thickening of the mitral valve leaflets and left atrial dilatation. e demonstrates quantification of peak velocity in the red areas of peak velocity zone on f–h. f–h In-plane velocities are superimposed on the above images, demonstrating increased forward flow velocity through the mitral valve