Fig. 5

4D Flow CMR assessment of severe aortic stenosis. a is a sagittal LVOT view and b coronal LVOT view demonstrating restrictive aortic valve opening with dephasing artefact demonstrating higher velocities through a narrow orifice. c and d further demonstrate increased velocity by superimposing in-plane velocity overlay onto the sagittal and coronal LVOT view. e shows four-dimensional flow streamline tracing through the aortic valve. f is a reformatted phase-contrast plane through the aortic valve demonstrating quantification of aortic valve forward flow and peak velocity. g is a zoomed in images of e demonstrating where the peak velocity through the aortic valve is (red ball). h Shows streamline visualisation of aortic regurgitation into the outflow tract