Fig. 2
4D flow CMR of a TIPS stent graft within the flow phantom and within the human portal vasculature. A Velocity-coded 4D flow CMR image overlayed with a T2 weighted image of the flow phantom shows the velocity distribution in the portal circulation and TIPS stent graft, which is indicated by color-coded pathlines. Measurement levels for evaluation of flow rates and flow velocities are indicated: superior mesenteric vein (SMV), splenic vein (SV), portal vein (PV), bare part of the stent (TIPSb), each third of the covered stent (TIPSpāāportal sided third of the stent, TIPSmāāmiddle third of the stent, TIPSvāāvenous sided third of the stent), and vein. B 4D flow CMR imaging-based visualization of hemodynamics by color-coded pathlines in the portal system after TIPS placement in a 65-year-old woman. Blood flow is visualized within the aorta by red pathlines and within the inferior vena cava (IVC) by blue pathlines. Note the similarity of the velocity distribution in the flow phantom and the human portal vasculature after TIPS placement. Both the flow phantom and the patient reveal flow acceleration within the TIPS stent graft (asterisk)