Ventricular coupling in single ventricle patients: a MRI study of cardiac biomechanics

Background Ventricular dysfunction in patients with a single right ventricle (SRV) or a single left ventricle (SLV) is a known risk factor for morbidity and mortality. In normal hearts, LV and RV augment each other, while this is not possible in single ventricle (SV) patients. Ventricular-ventricular relationship in SV patients remain poorly understood, with only a few studies performed [1-3]. Our earlier results show a decreased peak circumferential (εcc) and longitudinal (εL) strain in SV patients when compared to a normal population [4]. However, an increase in longitudinal strain is noted in regions of decreased circumferential strain. The purpose of this study is to understand the ventricular-ventricular interactions in systemic ventricles coupled and uncoupled to a dysfunctional ventricle.


Background
Ventricular dysfunction in patients with a single right ventricle (SRV) or a single left ventricle (SLV) is a known risk factor for morbidity and mortality. In normal hearts, LV and RV augment each other, while this is not possible in single ventricle (SV) patients. Ventricular-ventricular relationship in SV patients remain poorly understood, with only a few studies performed [1][2][3]. Our earlier results show a decreased peak circumferential (ε cc ) and longitudinal (ε L ) strain in SV patients when compared to a normal population [4]. However, an increase in longitudinal strain is noted in regions of decreased circumferential strain.
The purpose of this study is to understand the ventricular-ventricular interactions in systemic ventricles coupled and uncoupled to a dysfunctional ventricle.
Acquisition Protocol: Strain information was acquired at three short axis slices at basal (coupled to dysfunctional ventricle), and apical (uncoupled) locations in all 18 subjects in a 1.5T MRI scanner (Philips Acheiva) using: a) Complementary Spatial Modulation of Magnetization (CSPAMM) 4 images: ε cc ; and b) Fast-Strain Encoded (fSENC) 5 images: ε L .
Data Analysis: ε cc and ε L across all cardiac phases were calculated from SAX slices using Diagnosoft TM . Global, free-wall and septal strain were calculated at both locations and ventricular coupling index (VCI) is calculated as (ε cc * ε L /100).

1)
Strain values of SLV and SRV subjects demonstrate significant differences compared to normal subjects. (Figure 1) 2) Strain at the septal location is significantly reduced in single ventricle patients while the freewall strain is relatively normal.
3) Circumferential strain of the SV progressively reduces from the apex to the base, while the longitudinal strain increases. 4) VCI is significantly reduced at the basal septumpointing to the deleterious effect of the ventricular coupling between the systemic ventricle and the dysfunctional ventricle. Myocardial fiber arrangement and the hypoplastic chamber likely affect the regional differences demonstrated in this study (Figure 2).

Conclusions
Longitudinal strain is increased in regions where the circumferential strain is decreased in SV patients. However at the basal septum, where the dysfunctional ventricle is attached to the septum, it appears that the systemic ventricle mechanics is affected by deleterious ventricular coupling. Further studies are needed to understand differences between SRV and SLV cardiac biomechanics. Submit your manuscript at www.biomedcentral.com/submit Figure 1 Bar plots showing the longitudinal (ε L ) and circumferntial (ε CC ) strain in a pediatric single venricle population. We demonstrate a significant reduction in both ε CC and ε L . The septum is the most affected with negligible differences observed in free wall. Also, there is a signficant difference observed from apex to base globally for both single systemic ventricle patients, while the free wall ε L shows a significant increase.