Table 1 MRI in Patients with Pacemakers and ICDs.
From: Magnetic resonance imaging in patients with cardiac pacemakers: era of "MR Conditional" designs
Author | Device | Year | Patient/Studies Report Type | MRI Condition | Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Iberer [8] | PPM | 1987 | 1/1 Case | Â | No adverse effect |
Alonga [11] | PPM | 1989 | 1/1 Case Intentional | 1.5 T Brain | No adverse effect |
Inbar [12] | PPM | 1993 | 1/1 Case Intentional | 1.5 T Brain | No adverse effect |
Gimbel [15] | PPM | 1996 | 5/5 Retrospective Intentional | 0.35-1.5T Cardiac, Brain, C-Spine | Two second pause |
Garcia-Boloa [16] | PPM | 1998 | 1/2 Case Intentional | 1.0 T Brain | No adverse effect |
Fontaine [98] | PPM | 1998 | 1/1 Case Intentional | 1.5 T Brain, C-Spine | Rapid pacing |
Sommer [143] | PPM | 1998 | 18/18 Prospective | 0.5 T Brain, Cardiac, Vascular | Asynchronous mode due to activation of the reed switch in all patients |
Sommer [18] | PPM | 2000 | 45/51 Prospective | 0.5 T Multiple | No adverse effect |
Valhaus [20] | PPM | 2001 | 32/34 Prospective | 0.5T Multiple | Decrease in battery voltage recovered at 3 months |
Martin [29] | PPM | 2004 | 54/62 Prospective | 1.5 T Multiple | Significant change in pacing threshold in 9.4% of leads, and 1.9% of leads requiring an increase in programmed output. |
Del Ojo [32] | PPM | 2005 | 13/13 Prospective | 2.0 T Multiple | No adverse effect. |
Rozner [41] | PPM | 2005 | 2/2 Case Intentional | 1.5 T Thorax, Lumbar | Transient change to ERI in 1 patient. |
Gimbel [33] | PPM | 2005 | 10/11 Prospective | 1.5 T Brain C-Spine | Small variances in pacing threshold were seen in four patients. |
Sommer [50] | PPM | 2006 | 115/82 Prospective | 1.5 T Extra-thoracic | Significant increase in pacing threshold, decreased lead impedance, and decrease in battery voltage. No inhibition of pacing or arrhythmias and no leads which required an increase in pacing output. |
Heatlie [52] | PPM | 2007 | 5/6 Prospective | 0.5 T Cardiac | Pacing at maximum voltage at a fixed rate of 100 beats/minute in one patient. |
Anfinsen [22] | ICD | 2002 | 1/1 Case Inadvertent | 0.5 T Brain | Inappropriate sensing, battery voltage transient change to EOL. |
Fiek [28] | ICD | 2004 | 1/1 Case Inadvert | 0.5 T Brain | Unable to communicate with device. |
Coman [30] | ICD | 2004 | 11/11 Prospective | 1.5 T Cardiac, Vascular, General | Brief asymptomatic pause in 1 patient. Unable to communicate with device in 1 patient. |
Gimbel [34] | ICD | 2005 | 7/8 Prospective | 1.5 T Brain, L-Spine | "Power on reset" electrical reset requiring reprogramming in 1 patient. |
Roguin [39] | ICD | 2005 | 1/1 Case Intentional | 1.5 T Cardiac | No adverse effect. |
Wollmann [44] | ICD | 2005 | 1/3 Case Intentional | 1.5 T Brain | No adverse effect. |
Naehle [46] | ICD | 2006 | 1/1 Case Intentional | 1.5 T Brain | No adverse effect. |
Nazarian [47] | PPM 31 ICD 24 | 2006 | 68/55 Prospective | 1.5 T | No adverse effect. |
Nemec [48] | ICD | 2006 | 1/1 Case Unintentional | Not specified Brain | Noise detected as ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation, with no therapy presumably due to magnetic mode activation. Asynchronous pacing due to noise-reversal mode. |
Sardanelli [144] | PPM | 2006 | 1/1 Case Intentional | 1.5 T Breast | No adverse effect. |
Mollerus [56] | PPM 32 ICD 5 | 2008 | 37/40 Prospective | 1.5 T Truncal, non-truncal | No adverse effect. No changes in cardiac troponin-I |
Naehle [57] | PPM | 2008 | 44/51 Prospective | 3.0 T Brain | No adverse effect. No changes in cardiac troponin-I (Use of transmit-receive head coil) |
Gimbel [59] | PPM | 2009 | 1/1 Case Intentional | 2.0 T Brain | Asystole |
Goldsher [60] | PPM | 2009 | 1/1 Case Intentional | 1.5 T Cervical | No adverse effect. Scan one day after implant Pacemaker dependent |
Mollerus [61] | PPM 46 ICD 6 | 2009 | 52/59 Prospective | 1.5 Truncal, non-truncal | MRI-related ectopy 7 pt |
Naehle [62] | PPM | 2009 | 47/171 Case Intentional | 1.5 T General | Statistically significant but clinically irrelevant change in pacing capture threshold and battery voltage. 2 or more serial scans. |
Pulver [64] | PPM | 2009 | 8/11 Prospective | 1.5 T Cardiac, non-cardiac | No adverse effect. Congenital heart disease with 9 epicardial leads. |
Strach [67] | PPM | 2010 | 114/114 Prospective | 0.2 T General | No adverse effect |
Millar [66] | PPM | 2010 | 1/1 | 1.5 T Brain C-spine | No adverse effects |
Burke [117] | PPM 24 ICD 10 CRT ICD 4 | 2010 | 38/92 Prospective | 1.5 T Brain, Spine, Pelvis, Extremity | No adverse effects No changes defibrillation threshold (ICD) |
Buendia [100] | PPM 28 ICD 5 | 2010 | 33/33 Prospective | 1.5 T Cardiac Brain, Spine, Abdominal, Extremity | Temporary communication failure in two patients. Sensing errors during imaging in two patients., Safety signal generated in one pacemaker at the maximum magnetic resonance frequency and output level. |
Cohen [70] | PPM 74 ICD 31 | 2010 | 105/105 Prospective | 1.5 T | No deaths, device failures, genrerator/lead replacements, loss of capture, or electrical reset. Decrease in battery voltage of ≥ 0.04 V in 2% Lead impedance change ≥ 50 Ohms in 3% High voltage impedance change ≥ 3 Ohms in 10% Decrease in R wave amplitude in 2% Pacing threshold increase of ≥ 0.5 V at 0.4 ms in 1% of leads |
Wilkoff [81] | MR ConditionalPPM | 2011 | 226/226 Prospective | 1.5 T Brain and lumbar | No adverse effect |
Quarta [140] | MR ConditionalPPM | 2011 | 1/1 Prospective | 1.5 T Brain, Cardiac | No adverse effect |