Table 1 Subject Characteristics

Age (years)

58 ± 16

42 ± 17

63 ± 11

62 ± 10

63 ± 14

<0.05

Female (n)

11

2

4

4

1

NS

Ejection Fraction (%)

59 ± 7

57 ± 6

59 ± 8

64 ± 4

60 ± 6

NS

Stroke Volume (mL)

91 ± 30

84 ± 15

84 ± 21

100 ± 47

96 ± 30

NS

Sinus of Valsalva Diameter (mm)

41 ± 5

39 ± 8

41 ± 3

42 ± 5

39 ± 4

NS

Mid Ascending Aorta Diameter (mm)

39 ± 7

30 ± 4

41 ± 3

47 ± 2

42 ± 3

<0.001

Peak Velocity (m/s)

1.6 ± 0.9

1.1 ± 0.4

1.3 ± 0.3

1.4 ± 0.16

2.9 ± 0.9

<0.001

Flow Jet Angle(degrees)

9 ± 6

3 ± 1

8 ± 3

11 ± 5

16 ± 5

<0.001