Fig. 11
From: Cardiovascular magnetic resonance phase contrast imaging
Ventricular Septal Defect. End-diastolic (a) and end-systolic (b) frames of a horizontal long-axis cine CMR acquisition demonstrate a large ventricular septal defect (VSD) of the basal half of the interventricular septum. In-plane PC-CMR showed no appreciable flow across this long-standing, restrictive VSD (Additional file 4). Through-plane PC-CMR with regions of interest (dotted circles) encircling the aortic valve (c,d) and pulmonic valve (e,f) allowed calculation of Qp:Qs that yielded a value close to 1:1, consistent with Eisenmenger physiology or advanced pulmonary hypertension limiting flow across even a large defect