Fig. 4

Evaluation of mitral, pulmonary venous and coronary sinus blood flow parameters from 4D flow data. a Cross-sectional areas were defined in multi-planar reformatted image planes of the anatomical phase-contrast data. The definition of pulmonary venous and coronary sinus cross sections are displayed. b Derived transmitral (black line), pulmonary venous (gray line), and coronary sinus (light gray line) average velocity vs. time courses. Peak through-plane velocities of transmitral early (E) and late (A) diastolic, pulmonary venous systolic (S1, S2) and early diastolic (D) were evaluated from respective peak velocity vs. time curves. E-wave acceleration (AT) and deceleration (DT) times were estimated by linear approximation of the acceleration and deceleration phase of the early diastolic transmitral average velocities. Coronary sinus net forwards blood volume was assessed from integration of average velocity × cross-sectional area. ED = time of LV end-diastole; ES = time of LV end-systole; MVC = time of mitral valve closure; MVO = time of mitral valve opening