Fig. 4

Illustrations of torsion on LV remodeling and shape geometry. a A greater radius difference between the endocardium and epicardium (r2/r1 > R2/R1) would result in an increased rotation angle with respect to the lever-arm theory (α1 > α2). The left arm represents the radius from center to endocardium (R1 or r1), and the right arm center to the epicardium (R2 or r2). Black arrows represent force (myocardial contraction). Dot-line represents rotation angle change. b Less spherical shape would result in increased LV mass-to-volume ratio, and would then influence torsion