Fig. 3
Particle traces in an oblique ventral view of SVC (blue) and IVCp (red) return to the right side of the heart, shown at four time points over two cardiac cycles. The MPA receives blood from both vessels, serving as a conduit to the lungs and lower body. The AAo only receives IVCp blood via right-to-left atrial shunting. Time-resolved particle trace animations over two cardiac cycles for this view can be found in Additional file 3: Movie 2. SVC: superior vena cava; IVCp: proximal inferior vena cava; AAo: ascending aorta; MPA: main pulmonary artery