Fig. 4

Scatter and box plots of LV ejection fraction (LVEF) (a) and epicardial global longitudinal strain (GLS_EPI) (b) in all five groups. For each group, box plots show the median value, 25th and 75th percentiles and the full extent of the data. Outliers are identified as unfilled circles in the box plot. Scatter and box plots for LVEF (c and e) and GLS_EPI (d and f) in the preserved LVEF groups are shown with grouping by sex. Individuals with reduced GLS_EPI values are contained within the dashed boxes in d (men: 11% of controls, 17% of the at risk group and 32% of HFpEF are within the box) and f (women: 9% of healthy controls, 14% of the at risk group and 45% of HFpEF are within the box). All subjects in the preserved LVEF groups have normal LVEF by definition