Table 3 Comparison of 4D flow and CPET parameters between healthy controls and repaired tetralogy of Fallot (rTOF)
|  | Healthy Control (n = 63) | rTOF (n = 63) | P* |
|---|---|---|---|
Left ventricle (LV) | |||
 Direct flow, % | 33 (11) | 32 (10) | 0.304 |
 Retained inflow, % | 16 (6) | 18 (7) | 0.005 |
 Delayed ejection flow, % | 18 (5) | 17 (7) | 0.145 |
 Residual volume, % | 33 (8) | 31 (10) | 0.495 |
 Peak systolic KEiEDV, µJ/ml | 17.7 (5.9) | 15.8 (8.5) | 0.143 |
 Average systolic KEiEDV, µJ/ml | 10.0 (2.8) | 8.7 (5.4) | 0.233 |
 Peak E-wave KEiEDV, µJ/ml | 29.2 (11.1) | 34.9 (21.9) | 0.006 |
Right ventricle (RV) | |||
 Direct flow, % | 35 (8) | 25 (10) |  < 0.001 |
 Retained inflow, % | 16 (5) | 17 (6) | 0.526 |
 Delayed ejection flow, % | 17 (6) | 21 (7) |  < 0.001 |
 Residual volume, % | 31 (9) | 39 (10) |  < 0.001 |
 Peak systolic KEiEDV, µJ/ml | 23.3 (9.3) | 29.9 (20.6) | 0.001 |
 Average systolic KEiEDV, µJ/ml | 13.2 (4.6) | 16.8 (8.7) |  < 0.001 |
 Peak E-wave KEiEDV, µJ/ml | 14.8 (7.7) | 29.8 (19.3) |  < 0.001 |
 KE discordance | 1.27 (0.39) | 1.79 (1.03) |  < 0.001 |
Cardiopulmonary exercise testing†| |||
 VE, l/min | 42.5 (32.8) | 32.8 (10.1) | 0.001 |
 Metabolic equivalents | 6.8 (3.5) | 5.1 (1.8) |  < 0.001 |
 Peak VO2, ml/kg/min | 23.8 (12.4) | 18.0 (7.3) |  < 0.001 |
 % predicted peak VO2, % | 87 (43) | 68 (23) |  < 0.001 |
 Anaerobic threshold, % | 53 (16) | 44 (15) |  < 0.001 |
 Heart rate reserve, % | 13 (14) | 26 (13) |  < 0.001 |
 VE/VCO2 slope | 26 (4) | 27 (5) | 0.061 |