| Healthy control (n = 51) | PAH (n = 45) | P 1,2 |
---|---|---|---|
LV 4D flow | |||
 Direct flow, % | 34 (10) | 31 (12) | 0.474 |
 Retained inflow, % | 17 (5) | 17 (8) | 0.607 |
 Delayed ejection flow, % | 17 (5) | 16 (7) | 0.020 |
 Residual volume, % | 33 (6) | 36 (10) | 0.042 |
 Peak systolic KEIEDV, µJ/ml | 16.1 (5.1) | 19.3 (15.0) | 0.012 |
 Average systolic KEIEDV, µJ/ml | 8.9 (3.1) | 11.5 (8.0) | 0.025 |
 Peak E–wave KEIEDV, µJ/ml | 27.0 (12.0) | 19.0 (17.4) | 0.002 |
RV 4D flow | |||
 Direct flow, % | 37 (7) | 24 (16) | < 0.001 |
 Retained inflow, % | 16 (6) | 16 (5) | 0.956 |
 Delayed ejection flow, % | 17 (5) | 14 (6) | 0.017 |
 Residual volume, % | 29 (10) | 44 (16) | < 0.001 |
 Peak systolic KEIEDV, µJ/ml | 21.2 (8.5) | 19.4 (18.3) | 0.521 |
 Average systolic KEIEDV, µJ/ml | 12.2 (4.5) | 10.4 (6.9) | 0.070 |
 Peak E–wave KEIEDV, µJ/ml | 13.9 (7.6) | 8.4 (6.3) | < 0.001 |
 KE discordance | 1.30 (0.53) | 0.94 (0.66) | < 0.001 |
 Fractional flow ratio | 1.24 (0.60) | 0.51 (0.40) | < 0.001 |
CPET | |||
 Peak VO2, ml/kg/min | 22.6 (10.5) | 13.2 (4.4) | < 0.001 |
 % predicted peak VO2, % | 87 (33) | 48 (23) | < 0.001 |
 VE/VCO2 slope | 27 (4) | 41 (10) | < 0.001 |