Fig. 1

A An example for measurement of blood flow in the coronary sinus. A 67-year female presented with chest pain and underwent phase-contrast cine cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) performed at a 3T scanner including magnitude image (A), phase-difference image (B), and blood flow curve in the coronary sinus (CS; arrows) at 1 cardiac cycle (C). Rest and stress coronary blood flow were 75 mL/min and 303 mL/min, resulting in coronary flow reserve (CFR) of 4.0, which was in the higher tertile. Stress perfusion CMR and late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) did not show ischemia and infarction. CMR results of the patient were diagnosed to be normal. B A representative case for stress perfusion CMR. A 76-year male with hypertension and dyslipidemia underwent stress perfusion CMR and LGE at a 1.5T scanner. LGE images showed sub-endocardial infarction in the antero-septal wall of the left ventricle (LV; green arrows). Stress perfusion CMR showed transmural hypoperfusion area suggesting ischemia in the septal to anterior walls of the LV (red arrows). Invasive angiography demonstrated significant stenosis in the proximal left anterior descending artery