Table 1 Baseline characteristics
Variables | All patients (n = 412) | Patients without events (n = 263) | Patients with events (n = 149) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Clinical data | ||||
 Age (y) | 45.0 ± 14.2 | 44.8 ± 14.3 | 45.3 ± 14.0 | 0.570 |
 Sex (Male) | 335 (81.3) | 215 (81.8) | 120 (80.5) | 0.762 |
 BMI (kg/m2) | 24.4 ± 4.1 | 24.9 ± 3.9 | 23.6 ± 4.3 |  < 0.001 |
 BSA (m2) | 1.8 ± 0.2 | 1.8 ± 0.2 | 1.8 ± 0.2 | 0.039 |
 NYHA class III-IV | 204 (49.5) | 111 (42.2) | 93 (62.4) |  < 0.001 |
 Family history | 15 (3.6) | 7 (2.7) | 8 (5.4) | 0.159 |
 Dyspnea | 293 (71.1) | 173 (65.8) | 120 (80.5) | 0.001 |
 Chest pain | 32 (7.8) | 24 (9.1) | 8 (5.4) | 0.171 |
 Palpitation | 185 (44.9) | 113 (42.9) | 72 (48.3) | 0.294 |
 Syncope | 18 (4.4) | 10 (3.8) | 8 (5.4) | 0.455 |
 Hypertension | 135 (32.8) | 100 (38.0) | 35 (23.5) | 0.003 |
 Hypercholesterolemia | 113 (27.4) | 82 (31.2) | 31 (20.8) | 0.023 |
 Diabetes | 61 (14.8) | 36 (13.7) | 25 (16.8) | 0.396 |
 Smoking | 129 (31.3) | 81 (30.8) | 48 (32.2) | 0.766 |
 Excess alcohol | 112 (27.2) | 68 (25.9) | 44 (29.5) | 0.421 |
 Heart rate (bpm) | 78.4 ± 17.0 | 78.0 ± 17.0 | 79.1 ± 17.0 | 0.264 |
 Systolic BP (mm Hg) | 113 ± 17 | 118 ± 17 | 108 ± 15 |  < 0.001 |
 Diastolic BP (mm Hg) | 73 ± 12 | 75 ± 12 | 69 ± 11 |  < 0.001 |
 NT-proBNP (pg/mL) | 2244 ± 1951 | 1524 ± 1285 | 3202 ± 2255 |  < 0.001 |
Medications | ||||
 Beta-blockers | 212 (51.5) | 141 (53.6) | 71 (47.7) | 0.245 |
 Anti-arrhythmic | 252 (61.2) | 141(53.6) | 111 (74.5) |  < 0.001 |
 Anti-coagulation | 209 (50.7) | 132 (50.2) | 77 (51.7) | 0.772 |
 ACEI/ARB | 254 (61.7) | 153 (58.2) | 101 (67.8) | 0.054 |
 Diuretics | 376 (91.3) | 236 (89.7) | 140 (94.0) | 0.144 |
CMR conventional index | ||||
 LA diameter (mm) | 40.3 ± 10.4 | 37.3 ± 9.1 | 45.9 ± 10.6 |  < 0.001 |
 LV diameter (mm) | 70.3 ± 9.4 | 68.0 ± 8.0 | 74.5 ± 10.3 |  < 0.001 |
 LVEF (%) | 25.9 ± 9.4 | 27.8 ± 9.2 | 22.6 ± 8.8 |  < 0.001 |
 LVEDVI (ml/m2) | 146 ± 58 | 128 ± 44.0 | 176 ± 65.6 |  < 0.001 |
 LVESVI (ml/m2) | 111 ± 53 | 94.7 ± 40.0 | 140 ± 60.4 |  < 0.001 |
 LV mass index (g/m2) | 62.9 ± 22 | 62.6 ± 21.6 | 63.5 ± 22.9 | 0.918 |
 LGE presence | 241 (58.5) | 121 (46.0) | 120 (80.5) |  < 0.001 |
 LGE extent (%) | 6.2 ± 7.4 | 5.5 ± 8.1 | 7.2 ± 6.1 |  < 0.001 |
 LGE pattern |  |  |  | 0.135 |
  Focal | 17 (4.1) | 10 (3.8) | 7 (4.7) |  |
  Midwall | 143 (34.7) | 76 (28.9) | 67 (45.0) |  |
  Subepicardial | 15 (3.6) | 6 (2.3) | 9 (6.0) |  |
  Multiple | 66 (16.0) | 29 (11.0) | 37 (24.8) |  |
 Mitral regurgitation |  |  |  |  < 0.001 |
  Mild | 184 (44.7) | 129 (49.0) | 55 (36.9) |  |
  Moderate | 100 (24.3) | 39 (14.8) | 61 (40.9) |  |
  Severe | 21 (5.1) | 7 (2.7) | 14 (9.4) |  |
 Tricuspid regurgitation |  |  |  |  < 0.001 |
  Mild | 93 (22.6) | 47 (17.9) | 46 (30.9) |  |
  Moderate | 25 (6.1) | 8 (3.0) | 17 (11.4) |  |
  Severe | 4 (1.0) | 3 (1.1) | 1 (0.7) |  |
CMR feature tracking | ||||
 LAεs (%) | 13.0 ± 7.8 | 15.4 ± 7.8 | 8.7 ± 5.7 |  < 0.001 |
 LAεe (%) | 6.4 ± 3.9 | 8.0 ± 3.8 | 3.7 ± 2.5 |  < 0.001 |
 LAεa (%) | 6.6 ± 5.2 | 7.3 ± 5.2 | 5.9 ± 4.2 |  < 0.001 |
 LVGLS (%) | − 9.5 ± 4.8 | − 11.0 ± 4.8 | -6.9 ± 3.6 |  < 0.001 |
 LVGCS (%) | − 10.9 ± 6.2 | − 12.4 ± 6.2 | -8.3 ± 5.1 |  < 0.001 |
 LVGRS (%) | 17.1 ± 6.6 | 17.8 ± 6.4 | 15.8 ± 6.6 | 0.003 |
 RVGLS (%) | − 15.5 ± 7.4 | − 17.6 ± 7.0 | -11.8 ± 6.7 |  < 0.001 |