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Combined parallel and K-T approach improves dynamic imaging
Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance volume 12, Article number: P82 (2010)
Introduction
Previously we introduced the k-space-time (KT) acceleration approach MACH (Multiple Acceleration Hierarchy) and the parallel imaging variant SCIPI (Single Coil Implementation of Parallel Imaging). While KT approaches retain signal to noise, high acceleration values result in temporal blur, and conversely parallel approaches result in loss of SNR and introduce non-cancellation artifacts. It is not known for MACH and SCIPI what combination results in lower artifacts.
Purpose
We hypothesize that for progressively higher resolution scans, higher accelerations can be achieved with low artifact by the combination of MACH and SCIPI (Combo).
Methods
Fully resolved cine images (SSFP, TR/TE 4.1/2.1) with a matrices of 224, 336 and 384 were used to simulate MACH and SCIPI with acceleration factors ranging from 2-15. A uniform cardiac region was compared between the original images and accelerated scans to assess the net error term. For each resolution series (224, 336 and 384), a line was fitted for error term vs. acceleration separately for MACH alone and the Combo.
Results
For each series, the fitted lines describing the error term vs. acceleration for MACH alone and Combo intersected to reveal a point where Combo quality exceeded MACH alone. For all series, above this point, the Combo quality was higher than that of MACH. The acceleration values at the transition point for each series were 2, 5 and 8 for resolutions 224, 336 and 384, respectively. These intersection points were in turn fitted to a straight line with the formula: Resolution = 26.7 × acceleration + 181. For example, it indicates that at a resolution of 512, MACH would be beneficial up to an acceleration of 12, and Combo would be better after that. In figure 1, the results for 336 resolution comparing the original (A), MACH (B) vs. Combo (C), both with acceleration 8 are shown, indicating the superiority of the Combo series.

Figure 1
Conclusion
When using accelerated scans relying on KT and parallel approaches, higher accelerations generally benefit from a combination of the two. Here we showed that the acceleration transition point linearly increases with spatial resolution. In general, when high accelerations are required for cine imaging, the combination of a moderate acceleration for each of the two approaches is superior to applying the KT or parallel approaches singly.
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Open Access This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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Rayarao, G., Rathi, V.K., Yamrozik, J.A. et al. Combined parallel and K-T approach improves dynamic imaging. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 12 (Suppl 1), P82 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1186/1532-429X-12-S1-P82
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1532-429X-12-S1-P82
Keywords
- Error Term
- Original Image
- Transition Point
- Parallel Image
- Dynamic Imaging