The baseline MR examination begins with cardiac localizers. At this stage it is important to verify isocenter because if the patient is too deep in the bore then femoral vascular access sheaths are inaccessible to the operator. Through-plane phase contrast (PC) scans in the ascending aorta and main pulmonary artery follow for quantification of Qp and Qs. To avoid the need to repeat long PC scans (3 averages), we first perform brief PC 'localizer' scans with a single average to confirm the selected velocity-encoding factor is correct. For cardiac volumetric analysis, long and short axis views are obtained using a real-time SSFP sequence that sacrifices some spatial resolution for increased temporal resolution. Data is collected over one and a half heartbeats to ensure the entire cardiac cycle is captured. Because of the delay in image reconstruction, the short axis stack is acquired last while the operator prepares for catheterization. A dedicated user interface (Interactive Front End, Siemens; Erlangen, Germany) is used for real-time imaging during catheterization. This interface permits interactive manipulation of imaging planes, slice thickness, saturation pre-pulse, and cine loop recordings. To minimize catheterization time, reference images consisting of orthogonal views of the superior and inferior vena cavae, the right ventricular outflow tract, and the main and branch pulmonary arteries are prescribed prior to commencing catheterization. If additional physiological provocations during catheterization are indicated, then the baseline imaging sequences are repeated during each provocation via automatic propagation of the sequence parameters.